Cesium Heteropolyacid Salts: Synthesis, Characterization and Activity of the Solid and Versatile Heterogeneous Catalysts

Keggin-type heteropolyacid cesium salts have been regarded as potential candidates for heterogeneous catalytic reactions. This review describes the success of heteropolyacids (Cs-HPA salts) efficient catalysts in various synthesis processes. The Cs-HPA can be synthesized solid through metathesis a solution containing precursor HPA and another soluble Cs salt, which will give salt precipitate. Alternatively, they also obtained from commercial HPA. In this review, all routes to prepare different (i.e., saturated, lacunar, metal-doped) were described. These used acid-catalyzed reactions esterification, etherification, acetalization, dehydration) or oxidative transformations (oxidative oxidation, epoxidation). All these addressed herein. Aspects related characterization catalyst discussed. aims discuss most pertinent systems based on Keggin salts. focus was correlate physicochemical properties with their activity. Ultimately, recent advances achieved applications industrial interest compounds Cesium heteropoly are an alternative traditional mineral acids well solid-supported catalysts.